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Select the same hole shape and row arrangement shown on the approved drawing or sample.
Engineering Tool · Perforated Metal
Perforated Metal Open Area Calculator
Calculate theoretical open area for common round, square, hexagonal, slotted and rectangular perforation patterns from opening dimensions and centre-to-centre pitch.
Quick definition: open area is the percentage of a repeating sheet surface occupied by holes. It is a geometric value—not a direct prediction of flow rate, pressure drop or filtration efficiency.
Enter perforation dimensions
Choose the pattern shown on your drawing, then enter dimensions in one consistent unit.
Round holes — 60° staggered
The densest standard round-hole layout. Pitch is measured centre to centre.
Diameter of each round opening.
Square side, hexagon width, slot width or rectangle width as shown.
Overall slot or rectangle length.
Centre-to-centre distance between adjacent holes.
Centre pitch in the second direction.
The percentage is unchanged when all dimensions use the same unit.
Calculated results
Theoretical values for one repeating pattern cell.
Open area35.43%geometric opening ratio
Solid area64.57%remaining sheet ratio
Opening area19.635 mm²per repeating opening
Pattern cell area55.426 mm²formula reference cell
Formula used
OA = 90.69 × (D ÷ C)²D = hole diameter; C = equal centre pitch. Use the same unit for both.
How to use the calculator
Use centre pitch
Enter centre-to-centre spacing, not the solid ligament between adjacent hole edges.
Verify the finished part
Account for blank margins, seams, forming zones, supports and tolerances before using the result for design.
Formula applicability and limits
The calculator evaluates one ideal repeating pattern cell. Round, square and rectangular openings use geometric opening area divided by the associated pitch cell. Round-end slots use the area of the straight centre section plus two semicircular ends.
For the hexagonal mode, S and C must follow the dimensions in the displayed diagram. If your drawing defines a hexagon by side length, across-corners distance or another pitch convention, calculate from the actual repeating cell area instead.
Do not treat theoretical open area as usable flow area for a finished component. Unperforated borders, welds, overlaps, reinforcing rings, supporting mesh, blocked surfaces and formed sections can reduce the active area.
The calculator is not intended for louvres, bridge slots, countersunk holes, embossed or raised holes, decorative irregular patterns, variable pitch, nested patterns or damaged/distorted perforations.
Pattern formulas
| Pattern | Formula | Required dimensions | Important condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Round, 60° staggered | OA = 90.69(D/C)² | D, equal pitch C | C must exceed D |
| Round, straight | OA = 78.54D²/(C1C2) | D, C1, C2 | Use centre pitches |
| Square or rectangular | OA = 100WL/(C1C2) | W, L, C1, C2 | Opening must fit the pitch cell |
| Round-end slot | OA = 100[W(L−W)+πW²/4]/(C1C2) | Overall L, W, C1, C2 | L must be at least W |
| Hexagonal diagram mode | OA = 100(S/C)² | Diagram-defined S and C | Do not substitute side length |
Frequently asked questions
What is open area in perforated metal?
It is the percentage of an ideal repeating sheet area occupied by holes. It describes geometry, not filtration efficiency or guaranteed airflow.
Why does a 60° staggered round pattern have more open area?
The triangular repeating layout packs equal round holes more closely than a straight square layout at the same diameter and pitch.
Is pitch the same as the ligament between holes?
No. Pitch is measured from the centre of one opening to the centre of the next. Ligament is the solid edge-to-edge distance.
Does sheet thickness change the open-area percentage?
Not in this two-dimensional formula. Thickness can affect punching feasibility, hole taper, burrs, pressure loss and finished performance, but not the nominal surface ratio.
Can open area be used as airflow or filtration efficiency?
No. Flow and separation performance also depend on thickness, hole geometry, fluid properties, pressure, edge conditions, downstream supports and system design.
Why can the finished component have less usable open area?
Blank margins, weld bands, overlaps, frames, supports and blocked surfaces remain solid or obstructed, reducing the actual active area.
Can I use these results as manufacturing tolerances?
No. Use them for preliminary engineering selection. Final tolerances and usable area should be confirmed on approved drawings and inspected parts.
Need a production-ready perforation specification?
Share the hole pattern, dimensions, material, thickness, margins and drawing with our engineers.
Engineering disclaimer: Results are theoretical estimates for preliminary selection and do not constitute a performance guarantee or final design. Critical applications require approved drawings, manufacturing feasibility review and inspection of the finished component.
